Life Underground
These in-depth, hour-long episodes tell the story of underground mining and other important chapters in Butte history by drawing from archival recording and new oral histories from independent miners, Anaconda Company men and women, and a diverse cast of characters from mining-adjacent industries and professions within the once-booming city of Butte.
Episode 1-Bread Pudding
We begin Life Underground by taking a look at the geology of the Butte mineral deposit, known as the Richest Hill on Earth. Just how did the mineralization occur that resulted in America’s richest and longest-lasting mining camp? Situated on the side of a hill atop the Summit Valley in southwestern Montana, the Butte hill has seen extraction on a colossal scale, first with nearly 10,000 miles of tunnels dug by men and machines underground, and eventually with the twin open pit mines on the eastern edge of the city of Butte.
Episode 2 - The New York Drift
In this episode, we take a look at what it was actually like to work underground on the Butte hill, and we hear the unique voices of the men who were there, as we draw from the oral history collection at the Butte-Silver Bow Public Archives.
Episode 3 - Working for Anaconda, Part 1
The history book tale of the Anaconda Company is but one version. This company was ultimately made up of individual lives, men and women who bought their homes, educated and fed their families and built their lives with the wages earned on Anaconda’s time. In this episode, we hear a more human side of the story of The Company, and get to know personally some of its career miners and workers.
Episode 4 - Working for Anaconda, Part 2
In this episode, we take a second look at the Anaconda Company and hear stories from the men who worked for this company, which for decades was one of the biggest industrial operators in the world. Anaconda was ultimately made up of individual lives, men and women who bought their homes, educated and fed their families and built their lives with the wages earned on Anaconda’s time.
Episode 5 -Get Off the Hill
We look at the transition from underground mining to the open pit, and we get a sense of how close Butte came to tearing itself apart to keep the Anaconda Company going. Butte, Montana is a model city, or at least it was. Back in the late 1960s, America’s biggest copper mining town was deteriorating. With unemployment rising and income levels dropping, the Economic Development Administration selected Butte as one of 150 cities nationwide to participate in the Model Cities program.
There’s a great sense of loss about these neighborhoods in Butte, even today. With so many empty lots in the historic district, we’re left with only photos of a grand mining metropolis that is no more. With Meaderville, the loss is even more extreme; the very ground that the people once lived on has been blasted into pieces and hauled away to the mill and smelter. The land upon which this community was built now sits in the sky, high above the toxic lake that has filled the open pit that ate the town.
Episode 7 - Chasing Ladles
The town of Anaconda sits about 24 miles to the west of Butte, Montana, and the two communities are intimately linked by industry. While Butte was where they mucked the copper ore out of the mines and hoisted the rock to surface, Anaconda was where there smelted it. When Marcus Daly, one of Butte’s Copper Kings, bought the Anaconda mine in Butte from Michael Hickey in 1881, it became the origin point and namesake for a massive industrial empire that would ensnare the whole state of Montana.
Episode 8 - Women at Work
With so much attention on the men who worked in the underground mines of Butte, I was left wondering: were there women working underground? If so, what was it like for them? Well, it turns out that there were a few women working in the underground mines, though they are a rare exception to the norm. For the first half of this episode, we’ll hear from two women who had experience working underground, and in the second half we’ll take a look at some of the hard work that women did outside the home in other areas of the mining city.
Today we’re underground in a Butte mine with Larry Hoffman, an old time miner and instructor of mining engineering at Montana Tech. Along with my colleague Daniel Hogan, we’re descending into the mine on foot with Larry. This educational mine operation isn’t powered by one of the giant head frames and hoist engines like you see dormant on the Butte hill today. This mine has an opening big enough to drive a pickup truck down into it.
Episode 10 - The Pumps
Sometimes the fate of an entire city, or an entire watershed can be made with one decision, one moment in time. These kinds of decisions might be made in a state capitol, or deep within the walls of a government agency, or in a corporate board room. Few decisions have affected a community as much as Atlantic Richfield’s decision in 1982 to turn off the underground water pumps in the Kelley Mine in Butte, Montana.
Episode 11 - Deal of the Century
We left off the last episode with a big shutdown in the mining city of Butte, Montana. After Atlantic Richfield bought the remaining pieces of the Anaconda Company empire in Montana in 1977, they only lasted about 5 years before they closed all mining and smelting in Montana permanently. It was a bad time for the people of Butte and thousands of men were out of work.
The Catholic Church was central to all aspects of life in the Butte community for nearly a century. In this episode, we hear from longtime Butte residents about their experiences within the church. For most, it was a center point of spirituality, charity work and activism that gave them purpose. For others, it was a source of lifelong trauma.
Episode 13 - The Wartime Commodity
There’s a refrain you often hear about Butte, Montana. They say Butte’s copper electrified the world and won two world wars. As Fritz Daily might put it, “if it wasn’t for Butte, we could be having this conversation in Japanese or German.” But what does it take to win a war, and how did Butte contribute to that? Today we hear stories from Butte men who fought these wars that were made possible by Butte copper.
Episode 14 - Strikes
The history of unionism in Butte, Montana is well documented. We refer to it as the Gibraltar of Labor because union roots run so deep here. In this episode, we look back at how strikes affected families and community, and how the town often pulled together to support strikers. We also hear from former Anaconda Company management and get an insider’s look at how the Company responded to strikes.
The fabric of the Butte community has often been held together by the matriarchs of large families that lived on the Butte hill. In this episode, we hear from Virginia Salazar and Irene Scheidecker, both part of large Butte families. Their commitment to their family and their town tells the story of Butte’s resilience through the lens of motherhood and kinship.
Episode 16 - The Union Halls
The Carpenters Union Hall in Uptown Butte is the oldest continuously operating labor temple in the Western half of the United States. It is the home of KBMF radio, where these programs were produced. In this episode, we look at the history of union halls in Butte and survey the work that’s been done since 2014 to preserve and restore the Carpenters Union Hall.
Episode 17 - The East Side
Today, Broadway Street abruptly ends just past the Helsinki Bar with barricades, fencing, and the eastern edge of the Berkeley Pit. What was the East Side of Butte like before the pit consumed it? We speak with longtime UM professor Fred McGlynn and several others to learn the history of Finntown and East Butte, neighborhoods destroyed by open pit mining.
Uptown Butte is the historic central business district, distinguished from more modern, strip-mall style development down in the ‘Flats.’ In this episode, we examine the Uptown from its peak in 1917 to modern day efforts to redevelop the largely vacant urban core. From the fires of the 1970s to the demolition initiative called Butte Forward, we look deeply at the complexity of one of America’s largest National Historic Landmark districts.
Episode 19 - Butte After Copper
Author and historian Teresa Jordan once undertook a large oral history project in Butte for a project she called Butte, America: Lessons From a Deindustrialized Town. Her work has been extremely influential on the production of these programs. In this episode, we look at what happened after copper mining ceased in the mid 1980s, and how the age of Superfund came into being as mining eventually resumed under the new company Montana Resources.
Episode 20 - Project Retrospective
This episode wraps up our Life Underground series and looks back on the process of making the Verdigris Project. We talk with all the teammates on the project about the process for making their part of it, and look at what the value of an oral history collection can be. We chat with Aubrey Jaap, Daniel Hogan, Dick Gibson, Marian Jensen, Adrian Kien, and composer Charles Nichols about what the Verdigris Project meant to them.